Editing

In this task I will explain each editing technique also show Point, Evidence, Explain and Relate on how one editing technique was used in these films which are ‘Adulthood’ and 'Slum Dog Millionaire’.

Objective: to be able to show an understanding of how editing is used to create meaning.

Reaction shot- Any shot (often used as a cutaway) in which a subject reacts to a pervious,

any shot, usually a cutaway, in which a participant reacts to action which has just occurred. For example in "The Birds" in the last minutes of the scene we see reactions shots of the students and teachers being attacked by birds as we see them scream and their facial expressions change to being scared traumatized.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVDT4bWPypk

Invisible: Editing/continuity editing- The vast majority of narrative films edited in this way where the editing is so frequent that its not noticed. Many narrative films are now edited in this way. The cuts are intended to be bland but for special dramatic shots. It supports but doesn’t control the narrative. The technique makes the audience feel that edits are always needed to show realism within a story and to show the on-going events easily to build climax. This is shown in "Scarface" in the Frank Lopez scene as we see the constant editing we start to get use to the editing as it seems normal to our eyes while the scene builds up a climax.

Montage- Is the speed of editing, when shots are quickly juxtaposed together to create excitement within the scene. Montage uses a juxtaposition of shots which show movement, cutting rhythm and metaphor. Montage editing is nothing like invisible editing as it uses many cinematography techniques for example of close- ups, invisible editing, dissolves, superimposition, fades and jump cuts. In 'Psycho' the scene shows a mixture of shots including points of views, close ups, and reaction shots as the woman is attacked in the famous shower scene as the shot shows more than 20 edits.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VP5jEAP3K4

Slow editing- Is when clips are put together at a slower pace and this is to create suspense. This is shown in "Wanted" in the last full action scene as we see the inside of the factory blow up and also see a character running which is all done in slow motion so that the audience can see clearly what is going on as the action takes place and the detail of the explotions.



Fast editing-  is a film editing technique which refers to several consecutive shots of a brief duration. It can be used to convey a lot of information very quickly, or to imply either energy or chaos. For example in 'The Fast And The Furious' through out the scene the race is shown in fast editing making the race look epic towards the audience and with mixtures of point of views shown it makes the audience feel as if they are the ones driving which creates suspense.

Fade to black- When one shot goes/moves into another the audience is shown a black filter in between. This is shown in the film 'Doom' as we see the fade to black from the start of the zoom in from the characters eye, this stating to the audience that time has passed by for a while and the character has awaken. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKLUtrXsXhU 

Wipe cut- This is when one shot slides into another scene suggesting that the scene has entered a new scene or narrative. It appears to change image by wiping normally crossing the screen from left or right, normally as a line or a different pattern will cross across the shot.

Dissolve- When one shot disintegrates into another this shot is normally shown in music videos aswell as films ending normally used to end narratives.

Linking shots- Is where a number of shots are linked to another scene, which has significance in telling narratives and story plots towards the selected audience.

Timing shots- In the editing stage some shots are either slower or quicker to add emotional impact or to suspense this editing shot is normally used in romance genres as it aims to show facial experissions with body language. This shot is used in '300' when a fast paced war seems fast but suddenly turns slow as we see the pain and suffering of the enemies who are pounced upon, as the audience hear them scream and cry out in pain.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTXlWYdodnc&feature=related 

180 rule- An Image which is a hypothetical line drawn between two or more actors. The camera must not shot on the other side of the line and this is because it can confuse the audience and also the shooting will not be consistent. For example in the film "Se7en" we see the 180 rule established as we see a long shot between the two men having a conversation, the audience understand the positioning between the two and also know which sides they are on once they are having a conversation.

Shot reverse shot- This is mostly used in films where a conversation is taking place and it is when one shot quickly follows another. This is also shown in the "Se7en" link above when we see a long shot of the two characters switch to close ups of them speaking.



Kuleshov effect- Is when two shots equal a meaning. For example imagine a shot of a man lying on the ground holding his stomach. Next to this is another shot of another man holding a gun. Neither of these two shots suggests that a murder has occurred. However the third meaning (kuleshov effect) means that a number has occurred. As shown in 'Reefer Madness' it shows a woman going to court case, while then it switches to a ganster scene and court house; while revolving around one narrative plot.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMfCtV4guvM&feature=fvst

Jump cut- A drastic camera movement that is noticeable to the eye, this is sometimes used to start or end action in a scene. For example in the French film 'Breathless' we see many jump cuts from the start as we see the two people in the car and their surroundings. As the male is speaking to the woman we see the shot stay the same but jumping as we notice different backgrounds, the narrative stays the same but it makes the audience feel that time is going by while he is talking to the woman.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nonxxwfedIY



Graphic match- Is when the shape from one shot matches the shape of the next. For example a woman screaming with her mouth pen then zooming in. This shot is also shown in the 'Psycho' film as the womans attack has ended the shot slowly zooms in the the bath dark black drain then zooms out from her pale cold eye showing her body laying down on the floor, this suggesting that the film has enterd a new narrative plot and scene towards the audience.

Adulthood:,

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFpVlf59flQ&feature=related

P: Wipe Shot

E: This editing technique is shown during a discussion between people is switched as we see the shot move to the right as we then see car entering the scene from the left.

E: The discussion takes place between three men in the first shot then the shot slides to the right as it enters a new shot from the left making the audience feel as if something else will take place due to a blacked out car arriving in the new scene.

R: This makes the scene stand out as a thriller as the dark car is mysterious and also from wiping to another shot makes it look like the mysterious car is approaching the scene which creates tension and suspense.



Slum Dog Millionaire:,



http://www.videolinks4u.net/video/videos/42854/

P: Slow Editing

E: This is shown while the violence is taking place as the children stop running briefly when they see a blue character.



E: The slow editing shows the emotions of the children as they see the blue character that resembles the Hindu God ‘Ram’ as this God represents peace and love in Hindu religion.

R: This makes the scene stand still as it shows a cinematic effect creating drama as the children have seen violence as they stop and stare as they see the blue creator who represents a God it makes the scene look like it is crying out for peace and love.